JHU ED 週會筆記

本日又是週五JHU ED開會日，在之前大部份都是為了第一年R兼Intern的small group meeting，好容易盼到這個可以參與的週會。本週的筆記滿精彩的，四小時的meeting，第一小時toxicology，第二小時由一個EMT-P出身的Matt Levy來講EMS，格外有感覺，第三小時則又是急診醫師被trauma vs慘電的時候，第四小時則是個很有趣的grand round。

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Toxicology: Hallucinogen/psychedelics

今天講的幾個濫用葯物是米國人比較少見，或只是在中學大學大家用好玩的"小兒科"葯，不過其中幾個如搖頭丸和k他命都是我們常見的…

"Active" VH/AH TacticH OlfactoryH
這個議題我特別記下來準備找psych醫師討論一下。CR首先想正命，以他的定義，這些葯頂多只是psychedelics而不算hallucinogen。理由是這些葯物都只是扭曲你的感官，並不會"無中生有"。我用active其實不是很精確，因為稍查一下就查到有所謂的negative hallucination，若有人知道請不吝指導一下…討論這個差別的目的是為了鑑別診斷，是不是真的可以用"無中生有"來排除葯物而指向psy方面問題呢？也許是個好的research題目喔!

LSD flashback. SS rare
flashback也是psy病人常見的症狀之一，這個像電影倒敘的情形在LSD會出現身

MDMA diaphoretic not like anticholinergic
老生常談了，區分sympathomimetics和anticholinergic的專科醫師必考題。
SS clonus hyperthermia: cyproheptidine.
SS的criteria看倌也可以查查；全部的R只有一人答的出解葯為何。
ADH drinking - HypoNa
低血鈉也要想poisoning喔
Chronic effect: Cognitive impairment
在psy病房也聽很多次

Ketamine is best to model schizo, dissociative anesthesia, induction for bronchospasm. larygospasm may needs a iv
ETOMIDATE adrenal insuff for sepsis pt
這裡又出現插管前給葯的爭論，當然米國人都愛的是Etomidate，好處多多又短效，不過本院不知道何時才會有…ketamine大家都很小心，CR說他第一次知道可以給im很開心，不過馬上又被電說要小心bronchorrhea；結論是要給ketamine還是有個iv比較好，小朋友要做procedure還是要小心為上。

PCP vertical nystagmus

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EMS Matt Levy

Category C D need consulting now 10/09/08
前幾天又掉一台直昇機了，所以在昨天開始要以直昇機送病人前都要打給急診consult一下，這也是CR的Matt提醒是要vs接電話，要R不要緊張…

EMS Act '73 public law 15 core elements
也是美國急專常考題，73年出現的法案是奠定EMS開始的基礎…
Personnel: first responder
EMT三等級
Basic: AED...
Intermediate: most of Balty city, iv therapy intubation ecg interpretation defib...
聽來像是我們的高級版啊…
P
Dispatcher
Hierarchy BLS then determine
考題再來，他們還是認為先派遣BLS再決定是否找ALS比較適當。
Physician on the scene: 若你是醫師，在路上看到EMT出動任務想幫忙，可以嗎？
protocol to EMT or proof of ID and medical license.
當然不是讓一個路人自稱是醫師就可以去"救人"啦…

Critical care center: Protocol written
現在一堆什麼都是center的，stroke center啦，heart attach center啦，protocol要寫好是真的

Consumer participate
Laypersons involved in councils
消費者最大的米國，連EMS都講究要圈外人的界入…

Access to care
Regardless of ability to pay
在米國坐救護車可不是免錢的，此地無銀三百兩，"我們是不管你付不付出錢都救的"! (還有本院的"本院不以營利為目的"也是經典!)

Standardization of pt record

Independent review and evaluation
QA Immediate control (prehospital obs)
QC outcome study
這個很重要了，QA(Quality Assessment)和QC(Quality Control)當然要做好!

Research
這並不包含在73年的15項要素裡，不過近年來EBM的推行，什麼都要講證據啊!
Should EMT intubate?像我們台灣推T-P一樣，真的有幫忙嗎？能不能好好design個study呢？
IV fluid?

Online or offline medical control

Volunteer: coverage problem
志工的coverage，是小單位常遇到的問題

Established by DoT

E911 to localize pt
現在的手機讓localize病人變難了，不過新的手機內建gps chips的可以解決；Balty也有e911!

3 types pick up truck

180-600$ average call reimbursement medicare
4000$ a flight之前提過的昂貴費用!

Litigation against EMS: refusal of care當然還是此地無銀，不過真的拒送常會出legal!

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Trauma Penetrating neck injury David

Zone II
Hard sign: active bleeding, bubbling air 送->OR

Soft sign is important: dysphagia voice change hemoptysis wide mediastinum. Esp will have anesthesia ->CT/CTA FOB EGD (全做？it depends!)

East Guideline for CTA: needs lots of resources controversial, not gold yet
要注意guildeline不能代表一切! 雖說是專家把所有可靠證據都拿來評估了，之前也介紹過評估者無法正確評判文獻導致的錯誤! (Acute Spinal Cord Injury)
CT for trajectory
Dulplex: Evidence level II做超音波也可以!

When wil u intubate?
Hard sign? Depends on resources.
Don't take off the dressing if not necessay

Case:
CTA revealed a suspected intima injury with thrombus which could possible induce stroke, which is the reason patient sent to OR. he started to bleed after put into sleep!

Other structure:
Larynx
Esophagus
EGD or swallow (good 'cuz no sedaton needed)
BAD 'cuz mediastinitis
C-spine

Another case for pan-scan
另一個病人，車禍有繫安全帶，左頸血腫，左下胸部系左上腹部疼痛，就送去全部掃啦…
要提的是發生了罕見的BCVI!
Blunt CerebroVascular Injury 'cuz hyperextesion

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CA-MRSA UCLA Fredrick Abrahamian
CDC EMERG ID NET

加州來的Fred今天要勉勵急診醫師也要努力做研究，今天要講的是這個月開始在五個急診做的multi-center Randomized-controlled double blind trial, 針對MRSA的治療! 很榮耀的是急診界也拿到了NIH一千萬美元的經費，幹掉很多ID!

Self-reported spider bite?Spontaneous abcess？這些都要想MRSA!
Reported in severe infection: bacteremia necrotizing PN OM bursitis arthritis

MRSA 2006, NEJM, UCLA的急診研究團隊做的榮登NEJM!
Prevalence 59% in purulent skin infection in ED! 請注意，這些都是CA-MRSA (community acquired!)
1.7% in general pop
no risk factors found!
64% given wrong A/b and I/D but get better-> I&D
Should we give A/b? 記得本院都沒在I&D後給抗生素啦，米國真是更濫用!
Many limited studies show no benefit! 就是沒證據還用的結果，另外，沒證據就是有機會做研究!

MRSA 40% recurrence: we should treat! 但，怎麼治？
Most of failed treated: not drained well, or packed too much (pack for drain and for debridement!), iodoform only for first time. (今天倒第一次知道packing原本也是要在下次換葯可以順便debride!)
Q: we created MRSA, should we advocate A/b? They are advocate a good study.

MRSA is different from previous: genetic transmision from Staph epidermidis

Deconlonization: only after infection finish. Last 3 mns only. Prevent infection? Not sure. How about family member? Who should be decon? Where to decon? Nares, throat, stool, skin, or else?

Most MRSA are not colonized!

Indication for AB
Cellulitis is caused by Staph! (EBM) 就，以前教科書都說是strep多，其實還是staphy多的!
But still need to cover strep
How well bactrum can treat staph?
PCN diphoicillin
Large abscess: retro only. More likely to fail to drain.
How to measure abscess? Induration, depth, or erythema?

STOP MRSA project 本研究的介紹!
Phase IIb double-blind RCT
10 million NIH NIAID
SSTI
Bactrum vs clinda for infected
Cepha + bactrum vs placebo cellu
Bactrum vs placebo for abscess >2cm
Facial abscess need a/b? No evidence based.
Ultrasound will be done!
Irrigation will be done.
Training and quiz.
Clindamycin resistance 85% here.

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雜亂寫了一堆，若有問題大家再來切磋！